The Roles

Mintzberg published his Ten Management Roles in his book, "Mintzberg on Management: Inside our Strange World of Organizations," in 1990.

The ten roles are:

1.       Figurehead.

2.       Leader.

3.       Liaison.

4.       Monitor.

5.       Disseminator.

6.       Spokesperson.

7.       Entrepreneur.

8.       Disturbance Handler.

9.       Resource Allocator.

10.    Negotiator.

The 10 roles are then divided up into three categories, as follows:

Category	Role
Interpersonal	Figurehead Leader Liaison
Informational	Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson
Decisional	Entrepreneur Disturbance Handler Resource Allocator Negotiator

Let's look at each of the ten roles in greater detail.

Interpersonal Category

The roles in this category involve providing information and ideas.

1.       Figurehead – As a manager, you have social, ceremonial and legal responsibilities. You're expected to be a source of inspiration. People look up to you as a person with authority, and as a figurehead.

2.       Leader – This is where you provide leadership for your team, your department or perhaps your entire organization; and it's where you manage the performance and responsibilities of everyone in the group.

3.       Liaison – Managers must communicate with internal and external contacts. You need to be able to network effectively on behalf of your organization.

Informational Category

The roles in this category involve processing information.

4.       Monitor – In this role, you regularly seek out information related to your organization and industry, looking for relevant changes in the environment. You also monitor your team, in terms of both their productivity, and their well-being.

5.       Disseminator – This is where you communicate potentially useful information to your colleagues and your team.

6.       Spokesperson – Managers represent and speak for their organization. In this role you're responsible for transmitting information about your organization and its goals to the people outside it.

Decisional Category

The roles in this category involve using information.

7.       Entrepreneur – As a manager, you create and control change within the organization. This means solving problems, generating new ideas, and implementing them.

8.       Disturbance Handler – When an organization or team hits an unexpected roadblock, it's the manager who must take charge. You also need to help mediate disputes within it.

9.       Resource Allocator – You'll also need to determine where organizational resources are best applied. This involves allocating funding, as well as assigning staff and other organizational resources.

10.    Negotiator – You may be needed to take part in, and direct, important negotiations within your team, department, or organization.

The different of the efficiency and effectiveness

Management Efficiency

Strategic management decisions that promote efficiency tend to be aimed at reducing the use of resources through maximizing return. Any action taken to reduce inventory waste, for example, would be a strategic management decision aimed at greater efficiency. Efforts to increase productivity would be included in this category. Another strategic management decision that would be efficiency-oriented would be having executives share an executive assistant, rather than hiring executive assistants for each executive.
Keputusan manajemen strategis yang meningkatkan efisiensi cenderung bertujuan mengurangi penggunaan sumber daya melalui memaksimalkan pengembalian. Setiap tindakan yang diambil untuk mengurangi limbah persediaan, misalnya, akan menjadi keputusan manajemen strategis yang bertujuan untuk efisiensi yang lebih besar. Upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas akan dimasukkan dalam kategori ini. Keputusan manajemen strategis lain yang akan berorientasi efisiensi akan memiliki eksekutif berbagi asisten eksekutif, daripada mempekerjakan asisten eksekutif untuk setiap eksekutif.

Management Effectiveness

Management effectiveness can be measured by results. Goals such as increasing market share, improving customer satisfaction ratings and achieving desired revenue levels come under the heading of management effectiveness. This is how you measure whether management decisions are actually improving your business performance. For every decision that strategic managers make, you need to set a date in the future when you will measure the effectiveness of those decisions. Better yet, tell your managers to bring you data to show the effectiveness of their decisions.
Efektivitas manajemen dapat diukur dengan hasil. Tujuan seperti meningkatkan pangsa pasar, meningkatkan peringkat kepuasan pelanggan dan mencapai tingkat pendapatan yang diinginkan datang di bawah judul efektivitas manajemen. Ini adalah bagaimana Anda mengukur apakah keputusan manajemen yang benar-benar meningkatkan kinerja bisnis Anda. Untuk setiap keputusan bahwa manajer strategis membuat, Anda perlu mengatur tanggal di masa depan ketika Anda akan mengukur efektivitas keputusan tersebut. Lebih baik lagi, memberitahu manajer Anda untuk membawa Anda data untuk menunjukkan efektivitas dari keputusan mereka.

Which is Best

You should look at all of your strategic management decisions and determine whether they are aimed at effectiveness or efficiency. The reason you should do this is because most management metrics are skewed toward efficiency. Because of this, you can forget to include management efforts designed to show effectiveness. In practice, you need both types of strategic management decisions. Strive for a balance between the two. That doesn't mean you need a 50/50 balance, but you should make sure you don't have a 90/10 ratio.
Anda harus melihat semua keputusan manajemen strategis dan menentukan apakah mereka ditujukan pada efektivitas atau efisiensi. Alasan Anda harus melakukan ini karena metrik manajemen kebanyakan condong ke arah efisiensi. Karena itu, Anda bisa lupa untuk menyertakan upaya manajemen yang dirancang untuk menunjukkan efektivitas. Dalam prakteknya, Anda perlu kedua jenis keputusan manajemen strategis. Berjuang untuk keseimbangan antara keduanya. Itu tidak berarti Anda membutuhkan keseimbangan 50/50, tetapi Anda harus memastikan bahwa Anda tidak memiliki rasio 90/10.

Goals vs. Objectives

Goals are the long-term achievements you have planned. Objectives are the short-term steps to your goals. Strategic management decisions aimed at being effective tend to be goal-oriented. That is, they are considerations for the long haul. Efficiency measures tend to be about reaching objectives or short-term improvements. You must make sure your objectives align with your goals. Another way of saying this is that strategic managers must make sure they pursue efficiency in the name of effectiveness. Otherwise your small business may be moving in conflicting directions.
Tujuan adalah prestasi jangka panjang yg Anda rencanakan. Tujuan adalah langkah-langkah jangka pendek untuk tujuan Anda. Keputusan manajemen strategis yang bertujuan untuk menjadi efektif cenderung berorientasi pada tujuan. Artinya, mereka adalah pertimbangan untuk jangka panjang. Langkah efisiensi cenderung tentang mencapai tujuan atau perbaikan jangka pendek. Anda harus memastikan tujuan Anda selaras dengan tujuan Anda. Cara lain untuk mengatakan ini adalah bahwa manajer strategis harus memastikan mereka mengejar efisiensi dalam nama efektivitas. Jika bisnis kecil Anda dapat bergerak ke arah yang bertentangan.

Characteristic of organization

Characteristic of organization

An organization is a group of people with a common goal or purposes. Characteristics of an organization include the ability to control and manage its own performance, control over the behavior of its members, and an encourage of mutual understanding between all members. Organizations bring people together and network with the goal of bringing about change. This is usually related to a social issue. Organizations place a high value on the morale of employees.
Sebuah organisasi adalah sekelompok orang dengan tujuan bersama atau tujuan. Karakteristik organisasi mencakup kemampuan untuk mengendalikan dan mengelola kinerja sendiri, kontrol atas perilaku anggotanya, dan mendorong saling pengertian antara semua anggota. Organisasi membawa orang bersama-sama dan jaringan dengan tujuan membawa perubahan. Hal ini biasanya terkait dengan masalah sosial. Organisasi menempatkan nilai tinggi pada moral karyawan.

Management Function

Luther Gulick:
Planning; Organizing; staff (Compilation employees); coaching job; Coordination; Reporting; Supervision; Budget.

George Terry:
Planning; Organizing; Activator (Actuating); Supervision.





Management has been described as a social process involving responsibility for economical and effective planning & regulation of operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given purposes. It is a dynamic process consisting of various elements and activities. These activities are different from operative functions like marketing, finance, purchase etc. Rather these activities are common to each and every manger irrespective of his level or status.

Different experts have classified functions of management. According toGeorge & Jerry, “There are four fundamental functions of management i.e. planning, organizing, actuating and controlling”. According to Henry Fayol, “To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, & to control”. Whereas Luther Gullick has given a keyword ’POSDCORB’ where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for Directing, Co for Co-ordination, R for reporting & B for Budgeting. But the most widely accepted are functions of management given by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL i.e.Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling.


For theoretical purposes, it may be convenient to separate the function of management but practically these functions are overlapping in nature i.e. they are highly inseparable. Each function blends into the other & each affects the performance of others.


Planning

It is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course of action & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be”. A plan is a future course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving & decision making. Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic thinking about ways & means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human & non-human resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc.
Organizing

It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. According to Henry Fayol, “To organize a business is to provide it with everything useful or its functioning i.e. raw material, tools, capital and personnel’s”. To organize a business involves determining & providing human and non-human resources to the organizational structure. Organizing as a process involves:

· Identification of activities.

· Classification of grouping of activities.

· Assignment of duties.

· Delegation of authority and creation of responsibility.

· Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships.
Staffing

It is the function of manning the organization structure and keeping it manned. Staffing has assumed greater importance in the recent years due to advancement of technology, increase in size of business, complexity of human behavior etc. The main purpose o staffing is to put right man on right job i.e. square pegs in square holes and round pegs in round holes. According to Kootz & O’Donell, “Managerial function of staffing involves manning the organization structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal & development of personnel to fill the roles designed un the structure”. Staffing involves:

· Manpower Planning (estimating man power in terms of searching, choose the person and giving the right place).

· Recruitment, Selection & Placement.

· Training & Development.

· Remuneration.

· Performance Appraisal.

· Promotions & Transfer.
Directing

It is that part of managerial function which actuates the organizational methods to work efficiently for achievement of organizational purposes. It is considered life-spark of the enterprise which sets it in motion the action of people because planning, organizing and staffing are the mere preparations for doing the work. Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management which deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for the achievement of organizational goals. Direction has following elements:

· Supervision

· Motivation

· Leadership

· Communication

Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors. It is the act of watching & directing work & workers.

Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates with zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives may be used for this purpose.

Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and influences the work of subordinates in desired direction.

Communications- is the process of passing information, experience, opinion etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.
Controlling

It implies measurement of accomplishment against the standards and correction of deviation if any to ensure achievement of organizational goals. The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occurs in conformities with the standards. An efficient system of control helps to predict deviations before they actually occur. According to Theo Haimann, “Controlling is the process of checking whether or not proper progress is being made towards the objectives and goals and acting if necessary, to correct any deviation”. According to Koontz & O’Donell “Controlling is the measurement & correction of performance activities of subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise objectives and plans desired to obtain them as being accomplished”. Therefore controlling has following steps:

a. Establishment of standard performance.

b. Measurement of actual performance.

c. Comparison of actual performance with the standards and finding out deviation if any.

d. Corrective action.

Characteristic of organization

Characteristic of organization

An organization is a group of people with a common goal or purposes. Characteristics of an organization include the ability to control and manage its own performance, control over the behavior of its members, and an encourage of mutual understanding between all members. Organizations bring people together and network with the goal of bringing about change. This is usually related to a social issue. Organizations place a high value on the morale of employees.
Sebuah organisasi adalah sekelompok orang dengan tujuan bersama atau tujuan. Karakteristik organisasi mencakup kemampuan untuk mengendalikan dan mengelola kinerja sendiri, kontrol atas perilaku anggotanya, dan mendorong saling pengertian antara semua anggota. Organisasi membawa orang bersama-sama dan jaringan dengan tujuan membawa perubahan. Hal ini biasanya terkait dengan masalah sosial. Organisasi menempatkan nilai tinggi pada moral karyawan.

10 Definition Of Management

Principle of management

- Definition Of Management

1. According to Richard L.Daft (2002:8) defines it as follows:

"Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning organizing, leadership and control of organizational resources."

Manajemen adalah pencapaian sasaran-sasaran organisasi dengan cara yang efektif dan efisien melalui perencanaan pengorganisasian, kepemimpinan dan pengendalian sumberdaya organisasi.

2. According to James A.F. Stoner (2006: Organisasi.org)

“Management is a process of planning, organizing, leadership, and control efforts of the members of the organization as well as the use of all available resources in an organization to achieve organizational goals predetermined".

Manajemen adalah suatu proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, kepemimpinan, dan pengendalian upaya dari anggota organisasi serta penggunaan semua sumber daya yang ada pada organisasi untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya.

3. According Mulayu S.P. Hasibuan (2000:2) says that:

"Management is the art and science to set the utilization of human resources and other resources effectively and efficiently to achieve the goal."

Manajemen adalah ilmu dan seni mengatur proses pemanfaatan sumber daya manusia dan sumber-sumber lainnya secara efektif dan efisien untuk mencapai satu tujuan.

4. According T.Hani Handoko (2000:10) defines management as follows:

"Management is working with people to determine, interpret, and achieve organizational objectives with the performance of the functions of planning, organizing, preparation of personnel, guidance, leadership and supervision."

Manajemen adalah bekerja dengan orang-orang untuk menentukan, menginterpretasikan, dan mencapai tujuan-tujuan organisasi dengan pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi perencanaan, pengorganisasian, penyusunan personalia, pengarahan, kepemimpinan dan pengawasan.

5. According to Mary Parker Follett

"Management is the art to carry out the work through other people"

Manajemen adalah  seni untuk melaksanakan suatu pekerjaan melalui orang lain.

6. According to Prof. Oie Liang Lee

"Management is the art and science of coordinating and overseeing human power with the help of the tools to achieve those objectives".

Manajemen adalah ilmu dan seni mengkoordinasikan serta mengawasi tenaga manusia dengan bantuan alat-alat untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan.

7. According to The Liang Gie, 1982

"Management is an element which is a series of actions to move employees working facilities and directing all concerned so that organizational goals are actually achieved."

Manajemen adalah unsur yang merupakan rangkaian perbuatan menggerakkan karyawan-karyawan dan mengarahkan segenap fasilitas kerja agar tujuan organisasi yang bersangkutan benar-benar tercapai.

8. According to George R. Terry, 1994

"Management is a typical process, which consists of the actions of planning, organizing, mobilizing and monitoring, which is carried out to determine and achieve the goals that have been established through the use of human resources and other resources".

Manajemen merupakan sebuah proses yang khas, yang terdiri dari tindakan-tindakan  perencanaan, pengorganisasian, menggerakkan dan pengawasan, yang dilakukan untuk menentukan serta mencapai sasaran-sasaran yang telah ditetapkan melalui pemanfaatan sumber-sumber daya manusia serta sumber-sumber lain.

9. According to Dr. Sp. Siagian in the book "ADMINISTRATIVE PHILOSOPHY"

Management can be defined as:

"The ability or skill to obtain a result in the achievement of goals through other people"

Kemampuan atau keterampilan untuk memperoleh suatu hasil dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan melalui orang lain.

10. According to Ordway Tead adapted by Drs. He. Rosyidi in the book "ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT"

“Management is the process and execution of the business activities of the lead and show the direction of the implementation of tasks in an organization in achieving its intended purpose".

Manajemen adalah “Proses dan kegiatan pelaksanaan usaha memimpin dan menunjukan arah penyelenggaraan tugas suatu organisasi di dalam mewujudkan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan”.

Business Devinision according to experts (Devinisi bisnis menurut para ahli)

1. Griffin dan Ebert (1996)

“Business is all those activities involved in providing the goods and services needed or desired by people”. Dalam pengertian ini bisnis sebagai aktifitas yang menyediakan barang atau jasa yang diperlukan atau diinginkan oleh konsumen. Dapat dilakukan oleh organisasi perusahaan yang memilki badan hukum, perusahaan yang memiliki badan usaha, maupun perorangan yang tidak memilki badan hukum maupun badan usaha seperti pedagang kaki lima, warung yang tidak memiliki Surat Izin Tempat Usaha (SITU) dan Surat Izin Tempat Usaha (SIUP) serta usaha informal lainnya.

Griffin dan Ebert (1996)

“Business is an organization that provides goods or services in order to earn provit.” Sejarah dengan defenisi tersebut, aktifitas bisnis melalui penyediaan barang dan jasa bertujuan untuk menghasilkan prifit atau (laba). Suatu perusahaan dikatakan menghasilkan laba apabila total penerimaan pada suatu periode (Total Revenues) lebih besar dari total biaya (Total Costs) pada periode yang sama. Laba merupakan daya tarik utama untuk melakukan kegiatan bisnis, sehingga melalui laba pelaku bisnis dapat mengembangkan skala usahanya untuk meningkatkan laba yang lebih besar.

2. Hughes dan Kapoor 

“Business is an organization that provides goods or services in order toearn provit”. Sejalan dengan definisi tersebut, aktifitas bisnis melalui penyediaan barang dan jasa bertujuan untuk menghasilkan profit (laba). Suatu perusahaan dikatakan menghasilkan laba apabila total penerimaan pada suatu periode (Total Revenues) lebih besar dari total biaya (Total Costs) pada periode yang sama. Laba merupakan daya tarik utama untuk melakukan kegiatan bisnis, sehingga melalui laba pelaku bisnis dapat mengembangkan skala usahanya untuk meningkatkan laba yang lebih besar.

Hughes dan Kapoor

“Business is the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell for a profit, the good and services that satisfy societies needs. The general term business refer to all such efforts within an industry. Maksudnya Bisnis ialah suatu suatu kegiatan usaha individu yang terorganisasi untuk menghasilkan dan menjual barang dan jasa guna mendapatkan keuntungan dalam memenuhi keuntungan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat dan ada dalam industry. Orang yang mengusahan uang dan waktunya dengan menanggung resiko dalam menjalankan kegiatan bisnis disebut Entrepreneur.

3. Steinford ( 1979)

"Business is an institution which produces goods and services demanded by people.” Artinya bisnis ialah suatu lembaga yang menghasilkan barang dan jasa yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Apabila kebutuhan masyarakat meningkat, maka lembaga bisnis pun akan meningkat pula perkembangannya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, sambil memperoleh laba.

Steinford (1979)

“Business is all those activities involved in providing the goods and services needed or desired by people.” Dalam pengertian ini bisnis sebagai aktifitas yang menyediakan barang atau jasa yang diperlukan atau diinginkan oleh konsumen. Dapat dilakukan oleh organisasi perusahaan yang memiliki badan hukum, perusahaan yang memiliki badan usaha, maupun perorangan yang tidak memiliki badan hukum maupun badan usaha seperti pedagang kaki lima, warung yang tidak memiliki Surat Izin Tempat Usaha (SITU) dan Surat Izin Tempat Usaha (SIUP) serta usaha informal lainnya.

4. Brown dan Petrello (1976)

“Business is an institution which produces goods and service demanded by people.” Artinya bisnis ialah suatu lembaga yang menghasilkan barang dan jasa yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Apabila kebutuhan masyarakat meningkat, maka lembaga bisnis pun akan meningkat pula perkembangannya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, sambil memperoleh laba.

5. Allan Afuah (2004)

“Business is the organized effort of individuals to produce 

and sell for a provit, the goods and services that satisfy societies needs. The general term business refer to all such efforts within a society or within an industry. Maksudnya Bisnis ialah suatu kegiatan usaha individu yang terorganisasi untuk menghasilkan dan menjual barang dan jasa guna mendapatkan keuntungan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat dan ada dalam industri. Orang yang mengusahakan uang dan waktunya dengan menanggung resiko dalam menjalankan kegiatan bisnis disebut Entrepreneur.

Allan Affuah (2004)

"Business is a set of activities undertaken to create a way to develop and transform the resources into goods or services that consumers want." 

Bisnis merupakan sekumpulan aktifitas yang dilakukan untuk menciptakan dengan cara mengembangkan dan mentranformasikan berbagai sumber daya menjadi barang atau jasa yang diinginkan konsumen.

6. Glos, Steade and Lowry (1996)

"Business is a set of activities undertaken to create a way to develop and transform the various cracked into goods or services that consumers want." Bisnis merupakan sekumpulan aktifitas yang dilakukan untuk menciptakan dengan cara mengembangkan dan mentransformasikan berbagai sember daya menjadi barang atau jasa yang diinginkan konsumen. 

Glos, Steade and Lowry (1996)

"Business is the sum of all activities organized by people working in the field of commerce and industry that provide goods and services to the need to maintain and improve the standards and quality of their lives" Bisnis adalah jumlah seluruh kegiatan yang diorganisir oleh orang-orang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang perniagaan dan industry yang menyediakan barang dan jasa untuk kebutuhan mempertahankan dan memperbaiki standard serta kualitas hidup mereka.

7. Musselman and Jackson (1992)

"An activity that meets community needs and economic and company organized to engage in these activities." Suatu aktivitas yang memenuhi kebutuhan dan ekonomis masyarakat dan perusahaan diorganisasikan untuk terlibat dalam aktifitas tersebut.

8. Mahmud Machfoed

"Business is a trading business conducted by a group of people organized to make a profit by producing and selling goods or services to meet the needs of consumers" Bisnis adalah usaha perdagangan yang dilakukan oleh sekelompok orang yang terorganisasi untuk mendapatkan laba dengan memproduksi dan menjual barang atau jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen.